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We found, first of all, that most people have a mosthighly valued representational system, one that they use more than other toorganize their experience, and that this most highly valued system can be identifiedquickly by listening to the predicates (adjectives, adverbs, verbs) used inanyone's speech.

For example, a person with a most highly valued representational system which is visual will describe his experience with predicates whichpresuppose a visual system such as: I see what you are saying, clearly, looking at thiswork will show you how to improve your work, Imagine how this appears to bedull reading.

People whose most highly valued representational system is kinesthetic will use predicates which presuppose kinesthetic representations. For example, I want you firmly to graspthis concept; I feel you can overcome some bard problems; Can you get in touchwith, and geta bandle on, what this means.

A person whose primaryrepresentational system is auditory will use predicates which presupposeauditory representations. For example, he will say, Sounds interesting to me; Iwill talk to you later; I will be hearing from him soon; so in other words wewill all get together and be sounding boards for these ideas.

We also found that those therapists and hypnotists who were most effective in their work had a systematic, though not always conscious, way of utilizing a client's most highly valued representational system. Understanding how a client organizeshis experience in terms of these representational systems has great rewards for both the psychotherapist and the practitioner of hypnosis.

We make a distinction in our formalization of these patterns of behavior between input channels, representational systems, and output channels. A person can hear (input) words, make a picture (representational system), and express it bypounding his fist (output channel). (The formal model of this aspect of behavior is the substance of The Structure of Magic II, which you should read if you wish further study.)

It is enough to say at this point that each of us as human beings creates models of the world which differ from the world. Each of us creates a model of the world which is different from every other person's model of the world. Furthermore, formal models ¡Ý Meta-models ¡Ý can be built which represent the patterns of modeling which are at work when we as humans create these maps. Meta-models can be built which represent the rules, whether conscious or unconscious, governing how therapists and hypnotists work with these modeling principles. 






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One of the major contributions of neurology thathelps us to understand hypnotic behavior is the study of split-brain patients. Observations regarding hemispheric differences made of split-brain patients, and brain-damaged patients (Gardner) reveal that the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain in humans serve different functions. Erickson's behavior in hypnosis seems to demonstrate an intuitive understanding of these differences.

The field of linguistic offers us a vast resource for understanding how humans process complex segments of language at non-conscious levels. The research in these two fields raises the long overdue question: What is an unconscious mind? We, as yet, have no complete answer to this question; however, we do believe that when Erickson uses the term unconscious mind he is referring to more than just some term left over from the Freudian foundations of psychology. We believe he is referring partially to the functioning of the dominant cerebral hemisphere that occurs below the level of awareness, and also to the functioning of the non-dominant cerebral hemisphere. He is probably referring to more than these two aspects of mental processing, but we are sure that his use of this term includes these two functions. His overall strategy while conducting trance inductions appears to have these three dimensions.

(1) Pacing and distraction of the dominant (language) hemisphere;
(2) Utilization of the dominant hemisphere, language processing which occurs below the level of awareness;
(3) Accessing of thenon-dominant hemisphere.




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To this date, the most thoroughly studied and best understood of the human representational systems (models) is natural language. Transformational grammaris explicit, formal, and the most complete model of human language systems.Transformational grammarians have extracted some of the patterns of thisrepresentational system which are common to all languages. Therefore, transformationalgrammar is a Meta-model; that is, a model of model, or a model of language.

Transformational grammarians have built an explicit representation of theintuitions which people demonstrate when communicating and understanding naturallanguage. For example, each sentence of every natural language has two distinctrepresentations: the representation of the way it actually sounds (or, if written,by the way it actually appears) called the Surface Structure, and the representation of its meaning without our consciousawareness. which is called the Deep Structure.When a person utters the sentence:


The window was broken.

 

The Surface Structure is the representation of the actual sounds made by the person speaking or, in the case of a written representation, the words written outabove. In addition to this representation, this sentence is associated withanother representation which is the meaning it has ¡Ý Deep Structure. In this case, the DeepStructure can be represented as:

 

PAST (BREAK [someone, window, withsomething])

 

This Deep Structure representation is designed to capture the intuitions which eachof us have as native speakers of English when we hear the Surface Structure presented above. We understand that:

 

(a) Some event occurred in the past;

(b) The event was a complex event;

(c) It consisted of the following parts:

 

Anaction, break, which occurred between:


a.The agent
¡Ýsome person or thingdoing the breaking, here represented by someone, and


b.The object
¡Ýsome person or thingbeing broken, here represented by the window, and


c.The instrument
¡Ýthe thing used to do the breaking, here represented by with something.

 

Noticethat, even though not all of the parts of the Deep Structure represented appearin the Surface Structure (in this case the agent and the instrument are notrepresented in the Surface Structure), the native speaker of English has thatinformation available in his understanding of the sentence. The statement The window wasbroken implies to native speakers that not only was the windowbroken but someone or something had to break the window with something. The waysin which Surface Structures can differ from their associated Deep Structuremeanings is the research domain of transformational linguists. They have postulateda series of formal mapping operations called transformations which preciselyspecify how Deep and Surface Structures may differ. The entire process whichlinks a Deep Structure to its Surface Structure(s) is called derivation (see page 10).

 

Explicit, formal models of each Surface Structure¡ÝDeep Structure relationship can be made on the above model. (Youmust make this important distinction in order to understand the unconsciousprocessing of language that occurs in hypnosis.) Transformational linguists,therefore, have taken an incredibly complex area of human behavior and built aformal model of it which explicitly represents the rules of behavior which areintuitively demonstrated, although not consciously understood, by nativespeakers of that language.

 

The authors (Bandler/Grinder) have used the approach of formalizing intuitions tobuild an explicit, formal model of the language exchange in psychotherapy. Whatwe did was to create a formal representation of the intuitions which effectivetherapists from every school of psychotherapy use in their work, although theyare not necessarily conscious of it. (This Meta-model of therapy is fully explained in The Structure of Magic I.)

 

We used our formalization techniques to explore and understand the other representational systems used by human beings to organize and create models oftheir experience. These kinesthetic, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatorymaps of experience were then used as a basis to expand our model of therapy.The results were both fascinating and useful.





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First, the models thatwe as humans create will differ from the world of reality in three major ways.

Some parts of our experience will be deleted, not represented in our model.This is both a necessary and sometimes impoverishing aspect of our modeling processes. If we tried to represent every piece of sensory input, we would beoverwhelmed with data. However, when we fail to represent an important or vitalaspect, the results can be devastating. In any event, we do delete parts ofour experience when creating models of the world. These deletions, and all ofthe processes of modeling, go on all the time and, for the most part, without our conscious awareness.

The second way in which our model of the world will be different from the world itself is through distortions. Distortion is amodeling process which allows us to make shifts in our experience of sensorydata. For example, we can fantasize a green cow, even though we have neverexperienced one with our senses, We can distort our experience and plan thefuture by imagining that it is now. This modeling process can be an asset or aliability, depending upon how it is used.

The third process of modeling is generalization. This is the process by which one element of our model of theworld comes to represent an entire category of which it is only an example. This allows us to know that when we read a book, by moving our eves from leftto right, we will be able to extract the content. When we are confronted with adoor just like any other door, even though we have not seen this particulardoor before, we make the assumption it will open by the same process we haveused before. Generalizations in our model of the world allow us to operate moreefficiently from context to context. Generalization also allows us to keeprecoding our experiences at higher levels of patterning. This makes possiblethe advances in knowledge and technology ¡Ý in all areas of human functioning. 





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The Map Is Not the Territory


In theauthors' experience, people who use hypnosis for medical, dental, orpsychotherapeutic purposes seem more than any other single group to understandthat we, as human beings, do not operate behaviorally directly upon the world,but rather we operate through a map or model (a created representation) ofwhat we believe the world to be. A thorough understanding of how people ingeneral, and each client in particular, create a representation of the world inwhich they live will yield the practitioner of hypnosis many advantages. Amongthese will be greater speed in trance induction, more success with a greaternumber of subjects, and deeper trances. For additional study of the processesby which people create models of the world, we re commend The Structure ofMagic I and II. For our purposes here, we wish now to provide you with only abasic model of the processes by which people create models of the world.




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 Young Milton H. Erickson

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Milton Erickson is internationally acclaimed as the leading practitioner of medical hypnosis. He has written more than a hundred professional articles on hypnosis and has taught and practiced hypnosis since the 1920's. He, more than any other human being in this field, has been able both to explore and to demonstrate the vast potentials that hypnosis has to offer humaniry, His ability baffles the scientific mind, and his accomplishments, typically, are either viewed as miracles or denounced as impossibilities, although first-hand experience presents him as an undeniable reality, a striking contrast to what most people believe is possible for the mind to accomplish. Furthermore, few of his students have learned to exercise the skills in hypnosis that Milton Erickson uses so easily. The behavior Milton Erickson demonstrates while both inducing and utilizing hypnotic states of consciousness is extremely complex. Yet he is very systematic; that is, his behavior has distinctive patterns.

Our skill is in building explicit models ofcomplex human behavior. What this means is that we build maps of these complex patterns of behavior and these maps then allow other people to learn and use these behavior patterns. We quote Noam Chomsky's remarks concerning his initial formulation of a model for modern transformational linguistics.

... forms part of an attempt to construct a formalized general theory of linguistic structure and to explore the foundations of such a theory. The search for rigorous formulation in linguistics has a much more serious motivation than mere concern for logical niceties or the desire to purify well-established methods of linguistic analysis. Precisely constructed models for linguistic structure can play an important role, both negative and positive, in the process of discovery itself. By pushing a precise but inadequate formulation to an unacceptable conclusion, we can often expose the exact source of this inadequacy and, consequently, gain a deeper understanding of the linguistic data. More positively, a formalized theory may automatically provide solutions for many problems other than those for which it was explicitly designed. 

This volume represents our effort to perform this same service for the field of hypnosis.

When Erickson recognized this skill, he expressed the hope that this volume would be constructed so that other practitioners of hypnosis would have available to them his powerful tools and techniques. It is the authors' intention in this first volume to present to you some of the patterns of Erickson's behavior in hypnosis. We intend to give you, in an easily learnable, step-by-step manner, an explicit model which will make these skills available to you in your own work. This book has three stages or levels of modeling,each represented by a separate part.

Part I contains several of Erickson's articles, exciting examples of his own work. We will present a parallel commentary that will identify the patterns in his behavior. The patterns we will identify do not, by any means, exhaust what is present in Erickson's work. This volume is designed only to begin this process, and, at the same time, to present the most essential elements of Erickson's language patterns.

In Part II we will take these patterns and sort them into natural groupings. Hopefully,this will provide you with an overall way of both understanding Erickson's work and organizing you own experience in hypnosis. Our purpose is to familiarize you with these patterns, and to show examples in which they occur in Erickson's work. This will be accomplished by excerpting small portions of various published articles about his work, most of them of a transcriptual nature.

Part III of this volume is a step-by-step, explicit presentation of the patterns identified in Parts I and II. This Part isintended to give you the skills necessary to construct each pattern through an understanding of its formal characteristics. Our belief is that in this way thepatterns of Erickson's behavior will be made available an to you for use inyour own work.

We strongly recommend that you read this volume carefully and that you spend some time experimenting with each pattern. This book is designed primarily asna training manual, not as a novel. Careful use and re-use will real the best rewaeds for you.

FOOTNOTE
1. Syntactic Structures, Mouton & Co.,The Hague, 1957, p. 5.

 




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An attack of anterior poliomyelitis in 1919, shortly after my graduation from high school, rendered me almost totally paralyzed forseveral months, but with my vision, hearing and thinking unimpaired. Since I was quarantined at home on the farm, there was little diversion available. Fortunately, I had always been interested in human behavior, and there was that of my parents and eight siblings, and also that of the practical nurse who was taking care of me, available for observation. My inability to move tended to restrict me to the intercommunications of those about me.

Although I already knew a little about body language and other forms of non-verbal communication, I was amazed to discover the frequent, and, to me, often startling contradictions between the verbal and the non-verbal communications within a single interchange. This aroused so much of my interest that I intensified my observations at every opportunity.

The discovery that "double takes" were different levels of understanding, often based upon totally different experiential associations, opened a new field of observation. Then, when I discovered that a "triple take" could occur, I began mentally rehearsing the phrasing of a single communication to cause differing perceptions, even contradictory in character, at differing levels of understanding. These efforts led to the recognition of many other factors governing communication such as tonalities, time values, sequences of presentation, near and remote associations, inherent contradictions, omissions, distortions, redundancies, over- and 
under-emphases, directness and indirectness, ambiguities, relevancies and irrelevancies ¡Ý to name a few.

Also, it became apparent that there were multiple levels of perception and response, not all of which were necessarily at the usual or conscious level of awareness but were at levels of understanding not recognized by the self, often popularly described as "instinctive" or "intuitive. "

Perhaps the best simple example is the instance of Frank Bacon's achievement during his starring role in the stage play "Lightnin'," in which, by the utterance of the single word no at various times, he conveyed at least sixteen different meanings. These meanings included an emphatic No, a subtle Yes, an implied promise of Not yet, an amused Don't be ridiculous, and even the exquisite negative Not even if all hell freezes over! Altered tone of voice can constitute an actual vocabulary of transformation of verbal communication, as can body language.

Then, I was introduced to experimental hypnosis by Clark L. Hull, and I became aware of the possibilities both of decreasing the number of foci of attention and of selecting and maneuvering specific foci of attention. This led to the combining of my aware nesses of the complexities of communication with my understandings of hypnosis, for experimental and psychotherapeutic purposes.

Although this book by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, to which I am contributing this Preface, is far from being a complete description of my methodologies, as they so clearly state it is a much better explanation of how I work than I, myself, can give. I know what I do, but to explain how I do it is much too difficult for me.

A simple example of this may be cited from the experience of my daughter, Kristina, as a medical student. She happened to pick up a paper by Ernest Rossi and myself, on the double bind, and, after reading it, amusedly commented, "So that's how I do it!" Dr. Rossi, who was present, immediately asked, "So that's how you do what?"

She explained,"Every patient has the right to refuse permission for a rectal and hernial examination, and many patients do. But when I have reached that part of the physical examination, I tell my patients, sympathetically, that I know they are tired of having me peer into their eyes, and peak into their ears and up their noses, and poking and thumping here and there, but that, as soon as I complete the rectal and hernial examinations, they can say good-bye to me. And they always wait patiently to say that good-bye"

While I would like still further analyses of the complexities of communication for hypnotic purposes, which would require much more than this book by Bandler and Grinder can encompass, I would also like an analysis of how and why carefully structured communications can elicit such extensive and effective patient responses, often not actually requested. Unquestionably, such additional studies will eventually be made. I look forward to Volume II in this series, by Richard Bandler and John Grinder.

It has been a pleasure and a privilege to write the Preface to this book. I say this, not because it centers around my hypnotic techniques, but because long overdue is the fulfillment of the need to recognize that meaningful communication should replace repetitious verbigerations, direct suggestions, and authoritarian commands.





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